Range is dependant on many factors.
The
ionosphere is the name of a set of layers of gas in the Earth's atmosphere
between 70 and 400km above the surface. These layers become charged (ionised) by
the radiation from the sun. This ionisation allows some of them to reflect radio
waves back down to the Earth's surface. Because the level of ionisation is
dependant on solar radiation, different conditions will be encountered at
different times of the day, and also during the different seasons.
Not all radio waves will be reflected by the ionosphere. Only those below a certain frequency are affected, those above that frequency will pass straight through and go off into space. The maximum frequency which will bounce back of the ionosphere at a given time is known as the maximum useable frequency or MUF. This varies as the amount of ionisation varies, but it can be forecasted, and predictions are published in amateur radio magazines.
The
effect of the waves bouncing off the ionosphere and returning to Earth allows a
radio signal to travel well beyond the horizon. Sometimes it may be reflected
back up again by the Earth and the cycle repeated, or it may bounce many times
within the ionosphere. Single bounces of over 4000km are possible. This
phenomenon is known as skip. As can be seen worldwide communication is possible
because of this effect.
Ionospheric propagation is only common on the HF bands. It is rare for the MUF to extend to the VHF bands or beyond. There are however other propagation phenomenon that will allow range to be extended at even these frequencies. We shall discuss them further in the next levels of licence class.